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Text
Five Daniels Street
Salem
Built for
Capt. Edward Stanley
ship master
& wife Esther Waters Stanley
c.1805
Copy of print of Friendship, commanded by Capt. Edward Stanley
�House at Five Daniels Street, Salem
By Robert Booth for Historic Salem Inc.
According to available evidence, this house was built for Capt.
Edward Stanley, shipmaster, and his wife Esther Waters Stanley,
circa 1805.
On June 7, 1805, Joseph Waters, Salem merchant, for $800 sold to
Edward Stanley, Salem mariner, "a piece ofland" bounded west 37'
on DanielsStreet,north 85' 6" on landof Silsbeeheirs,east40' 6"
on land of heirs ofPalfray, and 85' on other land (ED 178:159). On
this lot, Captain Stanley caused this house to be built. The identity of
the contractor is unlmown.
Edward Stanley (I 780-1849) was born in England; 1 but details of his
early life are now obscure. By some means, he came to Salem and
was able to rise to the rank of shipmaster-despite great
competition-and win command of merchant vessels. The Salem to
which he came had become a commercial empire, led by Basket
Derby, the merchant who opened trade with the Orient. More than
one hundred tall ships were involved. By the 1790s, the new foreigntrade markets-and the coffee trade, which would be opened in 1798
with Mocha, Arabia-brought great riches to the Salem merchants,
and raised the level of wealth throughout the town: new ships were
bought and built, more crews were formed with more shipmasters,
new shops and stores opened, new partnerships were formed, and
new people moved to town. In 1792 Salem's first bank, the Essex
Bank, had been founded, although it "existed in experiment a long
time before it was incorporated," per Rev. William Bentley. From a
population of792 l in 1790, the town would grow by 1500 persons
in a decade. At the same time, thanks to the economic policies of
Alexander Hamilton, Salem vessels were able to transport foreign
cargoes and serve as the neutral carrying fleet for both Britain and
France, which were at war with each other.
In the late 1790s, there was agitation in Congress to go to war with
France, which was at war with England. After President Adams'
1
That he was born in England is noted at the time of his death in I 849 in Salem Vital Records; there were
other "Stanleys" in Salem, but they were actually Standleys, descendants of a Beverly man of that name;
and occasionally CaptainStanley's name was writtenStandley. For a while, there was an EdwardStandley
in Salem as well as Edward Stanley.
�negotiators were rebuffed by the French leaders in 1797, a quasi-war
with France began in summer, 1798, much to the horror of Salem's
George Crowninshield family (father and five shipmaster sons),
which had an extensive trade with the French, and whose ships and
cargos in French ports were susceptible to seizure. The quasi-war
brought about a political split within the Salem population. Those
who favored war with France (and detente with England) aligned
themselves with the national Federalist party, led by Hamilton and
Salem's Timothy Pickering (the U.S. Secretary of State). These
included most of the merchants, led locally by the Derby family.
Those who favored peace with republican France were the AntiFederalists, who later became aligned with Jefferson and his
Democratic-Republican party; they were led locally by the
Crowninshields. For the first few years of this rivalry, the Federalists
prevailed; but after the death of Hasket "King" Derby in 1799 his
family's power weakened.
In 1799 the Federalists of Salem clubbed together and built a frigate,
the Essex, for the federal government, to be used in the war with
France. The superintendent was Capt. Joseph Waters of Salem. In
that same year, Salem sent out privateers, including the 139-ton
armed brigantine Cicero, 69' in length, with 6 guns and 12 men,
owned hy Billy Gray, commanded by Nathaniel Skinner, first mate
John Dixey, second mate Edward Standley, who may the ES of this
house (EIHC 71:122).
In 1800, Adams negotiated peace with France and fired Pickering for
fomenting war. Salem's Federalists merchants erupted in anger,
expressed through their newspaper, the Salem Gazette. At the same
time, British vessels began to harass American shipping. Salem
owners bought more cannon and shot, and kept pushing their trade to
the farthest ports of the rich East, while also maintaining trade with
the Caribbean and Europe. Salem cargos were exceedingly valuable,
and Salem was a major center for distribution of merchandise
throughout New England: "the streets about the wharves were alive
with teams loaded with goods for all parts of the country. It was a
busy scene with the coming and going of vehicles, some from long
distances, for railroads were then unknown and all transportation
must be carried on in wagons and drays. In the taverns could be seen
teamsters from all quarters sitting around the open fire in the chilly
evenings, discussing the news of the day or making merry over
2
�potations of New England rum, which Salem manufactured in
abundance. "2
The Crowninshields, led by brother Jacob, were especially
successful, as their holdings rose from three vessels in 1800 to
several in 1803. Their bailiwick, the Derby Street district, seemed
almost to be itself imported from some foreign country: in the stores,
parrots chattered and monkeys cavorted, and from the warehouses
wafted the exotic aromas of Sumatran spices and Arabian coffee
beans and Caribbean molasses. From the wharves were carted all
manner of strange fruits, and crates of patterned china in red and
blue, and piles of gorgeous silks and figured cloths, English leather
goods, and hundreds of ban-els of miscellaneous objects drawn from
all of the ports and workshops of the world. The greatest of the
Salem merchants at this time was William "Billy" Gray, who by
1808 owned 36 large vessels-15 ships, 7 barks, 13 brigs, and one
schooner. Salem was then still a town, and a small one by our
standards, with a total population of about 9,500 in 1800.
Its politics were fierce, and polarized everything. The two factions
attended separate churches, held separate parades, and suppmied
separate schools, military companies, and newspapers. Salem's
merchants resided mainly on two streets: Washington (which ended
in a wharf on the Inner Harbor, and, above Essex, had the Town
House in the middle) and Essex (particularly between what are now
Hawthorne Boulevard and North Street). The East Parish (Derby
Street area) was for the seafaring families, shipmasters, sailors, and
fishennen. In the 1790s, Federal Street, known as New Street, had
more empty lots than fine houses. Chestnut Street did not exist: its
site was a meadow. The Common was not yet Washington Square,
and was covered with hillocks, small ponds and swamps, utility
buildings, and the alms-house. As the 19th century advanced,
Salem's commercial prosperity would sweep almost all of the great
downtown houses away (the brick Joshua Ward house, built 1784, is
a notable exception).
The town's merchants were among the wealthiest in the country. In
Samuel McIntire, they had a local architect who could help them
realize their desires for large and beautiful homes in the latest style.
While a few of the many new houses went up in the old EssexWashington Street axis, most were erected on or near Washington
2
from Hurd's History of Essex County, 1888, p.65.
3
�Square or in the Federalist "west end" (Chestnut, Federal, and upper
Essex Streets). The Adamesque architectural style (often mis-labeled
as "Federal") had been developed by the Adam brothers in England
and featured fanlight doorways, palladian windows, elongated
pilasters and columns, and large windows. It was introduced to New
England by Charles Bulfinch in 1790. The State House in Boston
was his first institutional composition; and soon Beacon Hill was
being built up with handsome residences in the Bulfinch manner.
Samuel McIntire ( 1757-1811 ), who was self-educated and who made
his living primarily as a wood-carver and carpenter, was quick to
adapt the Bulfinch style to Salem's larger lots. Mcintire's first local
composition, the Jerathmeel Peirce house ( on Federal Street),
contrasts with his later Adamesque designs. In place of walls of
wood paneling, there now appeared plastered expanses painted in
bright colors or covered in bold wallpapers. The Adam style put a
premium on handsome casings and carvings of central interior
features such door-caps and chimney-pieces (Mcintire's specialty).
On the exterior, the Adam style included elegant fences; and the
houses were often built of brick, with attenuated porticoes and, in the
high style, string courses, swagged panels, and even two-story
pilasters. The best example of the new style was the Elias Basket
Derby house, co-designed by Bulfinch and McIntire, and built on
Essex Street in 1797-8 (demolished in 1815), on the site of today's
Town House Square.
A new bank, the Salem Bank, was formed in 1803, and there were
two insurance companies and several societies and associations. The
fierce politics and commercial rivalries continued. The ferment of
the times is captured in the diary of Rev. William Bentley, bachelor
minister of Salem's East Church and editor of the Register
newspaper. His diary is full of references to the civic and
commercial doings of the town, and to the lives and behaviors of all
classes of society. He had high hopes for the future of a republican
America, with well educated citizens. He observed and fostered the
transition in Salem, and wrote in his diary (2 Dec. 1806), "While
Salem was under the greatest aristocracy in New England, few men
thought, and the few directed the many. Now the aristocracy is gone
and the many govern. It is plain it must require considerable time to
give common knowledge to the people."
Edward Stanley was prospering as a mariner; and by 1802 he was
affluent enough to court Esther Waters, the daughter of a well-to-do
4
�merchant residing in the East parish, or Lower End. On June 12,
1803, Edward Stanley and Esther Waters were married.
Esther Waters (1785-1872)was born 31 July 1785, the daughter of
Joseph Waters, merchant, and his wife Mary. Her grandfather
Benjamin Waters of Boston had moved to Salem as a young man
and in 1745 had married Esther Gilbert oflpswich. They resided
along Bridge Street in the old Massey house, per the minister of the
East Church (Unitarian), Rev. William Bentley, whose meeting
house stood on Essex at Hardy Street in the Lower End. Benjamin
was a baker by trade, and an innholder, and kept the ferry to Beverly
before 1788 (when the bridge was built) at the end of what is now
Bridge Street. This couple had two daughters and one son, Joseph
Waters. Old Mrs. Esther Gilbert Waters was still alive in 1803, when
her namesake married Captain Stanley.
Esther's father, Capt. Joseph Waters, was a merchant ship-owner. He
lived in the Lower End, and attended Bentley's Unitarian church,
and so the family is mentioned in Bentley's diary until the minister's
death in I 8 I 9. Joseph Waters married Mary Dean in 1782, during
the Revolutionary War; and they would have ten children, of whom
Esther was the first, probably born in 1783 and baptized at the East
Church with sister Mary on 31 July 1785.
Joseph Waters (1758-1833), son of Benjamin Waters & Esther
Gilbert, died February 1833, aged 75 years. Hem. 2 July 1782
Mary Dean (1759-1798), dtr of Thomas Dean; she died of
convulsions, I Nov. 1798, aged 39 years. He m/2 Martha __
Issue:
I. Esther, bp. 31 July 1785, m. 1803 Edward Stanley
2. Mary, bp 1785
3. Benjamin, 1785?, m. 1805 Elizabeth Becket.
4. Martha, 1787
5. Lucia, 1788?, died May, 1804.
6. Sarah, 1789, died young
7. Charlotte, 1792, diedSept. 1803.
8. Sally, 1792
9. Caroline, 1794
JO. Joseph Gilbert, 1796, m. 1825 Eliza Townsend; had issue.
11. William Dean, bp 1810
On Union Street, not far from Bentley's church, on the fourth of
July, 1804, was born a boy who would grow up to eclipse all sons of
5
�Salem in the eyes of the world: Nathaniel Hawthorne, whose father
would die of fever while on a voyage to the Caribbean in 1808. This
kind of untimely death was all too common among Salem's young
seafarers, who fell prey to malaria and other diseases of the
Caribbean and Pacific tropics.
It was at just this time ( 1806) that the British changed their policy
toward American shipping, and no longer respected Americanflagged vessels as neutral carriers. This disastrous policy change
came just as the Derbys extended their wharf far out into the harbor
to create more space for warehouses and ship-berths in deeper water.
The Crowninshields had recently built their great India Wharf at the
foot of now-Webb Street. The other important wharves were
White's, Forrester's (now Central, just west of Derby Wharf), and
Union Wharf at the foot of Union Street. Farther to the west, smaller
wharves extended into the South River, all the way to the foot of
Washington Street. Each had a warehouse or two, and shops for
artisans (coopers, blockmakers, joiners, etc.). The waterfront
between Union Street and Washington Street also had lumber yards
and several ship chandleries and distilleries, with a Market House at
the foot of Central Street, below the Custom House. The wharves
and streets were crowded with shoppers, gawkers, hawkers, sailors,
artisans ("mechanics"), storekeepers, and teamsters; and just across
the way, on Stage Point along the south bank of the South River,
wooden barks and brigs and ships were being built in the shipyards.
Beginning late in 1806, Salem's commerce with the world was
repeatedly interrupted by the British navy, which intercepted neutral
trading vessels and often impressed American sailors into their
service. France, at war with Britain, countered with its own adverse
policy toward American shipping; and virtually ovemight Salem's
fleet found it much harder to operate freely as neutral shippers for
the European nations. Salem and other American ports continued to
push their trade into the oceans of the worlds, but now with the
expectation that they would have to fight their way across the seas
and into and out of foreign ports.
Within the Waters family, sister Lucia, about sixteen, died at
Beverly in late May, 1804, and she was buried from the home of
Hon. Nathan Dane, whose wife she had probably served as a
mother's helper. Despite the need to observe custom and wait with
the mourners for an hour, Bentley found that "the procession was
numerous and solemn, and a proper respect was shown to the
6
�deceased." In general, he stayed away from Beverly, where, he
observed, "the spirit of (religious) fanaticism has seized this
town"-it was the time of the so-called Second Great Awakeningso that "the extreme ignorance which is general in this place must
render them sure victims of their superstition and render it of the
most degrading character." Salem too felt the impact of itinerant
preachers, mainly evangelicals, who came to town and held
nighttime revival meetings which tended to attract the "primitive and
superstitious" members of the working classes, per Bentley, who
also observed the doings of new sects like the Methodists,
Universalists, and Baptists, all of whom opened meeting houses at
this time. Salem also had three Unitarian congregations, and three
post-Puritan Trinitarian congregations, as well as an Episcopal
church, a Quaker meeting, and informal Catholic gatherings.
In April, 1805, Esther's father, Capt. Joseph Waters, purchased (for
$40 IO) the Dean estate on the north side of Derby Street, corner of
Turner. The house had long been neglected; in 1783, when Bentley
first came to Salem, it had been "the best house as to appearance
which was in that part of the town" (Bentley, 9 April 1805). Captain
Waters restored it to former grandeur.
On 7 July 1805, in church, Rev. Mr. Bentley received a note from
Esther Stanley to commemorate the death of a sister at Ipswich, and
to pray for her husband and brother at sea. At that time, Captain
Stanley was master of the 170-ton brig Commerce, which had
cleared in February, 1805, on a voyage to the West Indies, with first
mate Robert Pease and crew of eight. Edward Stanley returned
safely and next went out in command of the 59-ton schooner Sally,
to the West Indies, in 1806, with mate Joseph Cook and four-man
crew. In May, 1807, he went out again as master of the 136-ton brig
Mary & Allen for St. Thomas, in the Caribbean, with mate Charles
Beck and crew ofsix. 3
Old Mrs. Esther Gilbert Waters died at the age of 88 years on Sept.
13, 1807, probably of the influenza.
Salem's twenty-year boom came to an end with a crash in
December, 1807, when Jefferson and the Congress imposed an
embargo on all shipping in hopes of forestalling war with Britain.
The Embargo, which was widely opposed in New England, proved
3
Voyages are tracked by records in Salem Crew database of Mystic Seaport; hard copy appended.
7
�futile and nearly ruinous in Salem, where commerce ceased. As a
hotbed of Democratic-Republicanism, Salem's East Parish and its
seafarers, led by the Crowninshields, loyally supported the Embargo
until it was lifted in spring, I 809. Shunned by the other Salem
merchants for his support of the Embargo, the eminent Billy Gray
took his large fleet of ships-fully one-fourth of Salem's tonnageand moved to Boston, whose commerce was thereby much
augmented. Gray's removal eliminated a huge amount of Salem
wealth, shipping, import-export cargos, and local employment. Gray
soon switched from the Federalist party, and was elected Lt.
Governor on a ticket with Gov. Elbridge Gerry, a native of
Marblehead.
In March, 1809, Captain Stanley subscribed $10 to repair the East
Parish meeting house, an effort led by Capt. Joseph White. Shortly
after, on March 17, Esther's sister-in-law, Elizabeth Becket Waters,
27, died-a sad story was related by Bentley in his diary. She was
the "daughter ofmy old friend Capt. John Becket. She married a
worthless young man (Benjamin Waters) of whom the world had
good hopes and who had ample mans of being happy. A separation
by the consent of all the friends on both sides ensued and he
withdrew from the town. She lingered in consumption and died. Her
form was excellent, her wit pure and inexhaustible. Her disposition
kind and her temper always at command. All were her friends ... "
Salem's commerce with the world was repeatedly interrupted by the
British, which intercepted neutral trading vessels and often
impressed American sailors into their navy. During this perios,
Edward Stanley was often at sea, on voyages to Cuba, to Brazil, and
to Russia. In June 1809, he commanded the 92-ton schooner Betsey,
bound for Havana with mate Joseph Cook, 35, and six men. John
Gardner, owner of one of the finest mansions in Salem 4, liked
Captain Stanley's work, and sent him back out in February, 1810,
commanding the 281-ton brig New Hazard, bound for Rio de
Janeiro, with mate Jacob Clarke, 25, and a 13-man crew. His next
voyage was undertaken for Peirce & Waite, in command of their fine
342-ton East Indiaman, the Friendship, a veteran of 17 voyages,
some to the Orient. In April, 1811, Captain Stanley, mate David
Thomas, and I 7 crewmen cleared away for the Russian port of
Archangel. She would never retum. 5
4
The Gardner-White-Pingree house on Essex Street
Her replica lies at Derby Wharf today, having been commissioned by the federal Department of the
Interior and built at Albany, NY, for Salem's Maritime Heritage Park.
5
8
�Early in 1812 the Waters family experienced another severe loss.
Capt. Thomas Dean had married Joseph Waters' sister Lydia in
1784, and they had a family of children. On Feb. 2, 1812 "the
worthy Mrs. Lydia Dean" died, leaving two children surviving,
Thomas, 25, and Lydia, 21. Bentley noted that Lydia would
thenceforward reside with her aunt Esther Waters Stanley. Lydia
Dean would marry Capt. James Cheever Jr. in July, 1815, perhaps at
this house. Her brother Thomas Dean named one of his sons
"Edward Stanley" (baptized 1818), as would her cousin Joseph G.
Waters.
Despite many warnings and negotiations, the British refused to alter
their policies regarding freedom of the seas. President Madison,
pushed hard by the war-hawks of the West, had few choices, and in
June, 1812, he and Congress declared against Britain. One
consequence was that Captain Stanley, returning from Archangel
(and probably unaware of the state of war) was captured by the
Royal Navy in September, 1812; and the Friendship was condemned
at Plymouth as a prize of war in December (seep. 21, G.G. Putnam,
set 1, Salem Vessels & Their Voyages).
Although the merchants had tried to prevenl the war, when it came,
Salem swiftly fitted out 40 privateers manned by Marblehead and
Salem crews, who also served on U.S. Navy vessels, including the
frigate Constitution. Many more local vessels could have been sent
against the British, but some of the Federalist merchants held them
back. In addition, Salem fielded companies of infantry and artillery.
Salem and Marblehead privateers were largely successful in making
prizes of British supply vessels. While many of the town's men were
wounded in engagements, and some were killed, the possible riches
of privateering kept the men returning to sea as often as possible.
The first prizes were captured by a 30-ton converted fishing
schooner, the Fame, and by a 14-ton luxury yacht fitted with one
gun, the Jefferson. Of all Salem privateers, the Crowninshields' 350ton ship America was most successful: she captured 30-plus prizes
worth more than $1,100,000.
Salem erected forts and batteries on its Neck, to discourage the
British warships that cruised these waters. On land, the war went
poorly for the United States, as the British captured Washington and
burned the Capitol and the White House. Along the western frontier,
U.S. forces were successful against the weak English forces; and, as
9
�predicted by many, the western expansionists had their day. At sea,
as time wore on, Salem vessels were captured, and its men
imprisoned or killed.
Edward Stanley, though born in England, was a trusted warrior in
the cause against Britain. In 1813 he had raised a company of sea
fencibles, and served as their lieutenant commanding, drilling them
in the use of artillery and close marching (per Bentley). He also
shipped out in privateers, and was captured by the summer of 1813,
at which time his minister, Mr. Bentley, was writing on his behalf to
the Secretary of State, Madison, to effect an exchange; and by
September he was back in town (ibid) and was a co-owner, with
Henry White Jr. and Sam Lamson, of the 6-ton privateer boat
Holkar, only 30' long and 5'6" in beam, carrying 16 men with their
muskets-but they took no prizes (EIHC 79: 155).
After almost three years, the war was bleeding the town dry.
Hundreds of Salem men and boys were in British prison-ships and at
Dartmoor Prison in England. At the Hartford Convention in 1814,
New England Federalist delegates met to consider what they could
do to bring the war to a close and to restore the region's commerce.
Sen. Timothy Pickering of Salem, the leader of the extreme
Federalists, did not attend; and the Convention refrained from
issuing ultimatums. Nevertheless, it signaled the beginning of the
end for the national Federalist party.
At last, in February, 1815, peace was restored. There was jubilation
in the streets; and the East Meeting House was beautifully
illuminated at night, including two transparencies executed by
Captain Stanley and two others: one at the belfry, with a "sun and
Glory to God" and one on the porch, with the "arms of the U.S.
emblazoned Madison & Peace."
Captain Stanley evidently went to Portsmouth, NH, and sailed the
prize ship Antigua back to Salem, to go into service in the fleet of
Nathaniel West. Captain Stanley was given command of the brig
Neva bound for St. Petersburg, with mate Nathaniel Cleaves and a
crew of eleven. Mr. Bentley gave him a packet of antiquarian papers
to deliver to Bentley's great friend, Prof. Ebeling, at Elsinor in
Denmark; and the Neva sailed at the end of May, 1815 (per Bentley).
Captain Stanley was back in Salem a year later and was given
command of the ship Messenger, bound for Europe with a crew of
16 men. They probably traded at multiple ports.
10
�It seems that this was Capt. Edward Stanley's last voyage, and that
he "swallowed the anchor" and went into business as a merchant in
1817.
Post-war, America was flooded with British manufactured goods,
especially factory-made knock-offs of the beautiful Indian textiles
that had been the specialty of Salem importers for 30 years. Britain,
dominant in India, had forced the Indians to become cotton-growers
rather than cloth-producers; and the cheap Indian cotton was shipped
to the English industrial ports and turned into mass-produced cloth.
American national policy-makers reacted, in 1816, by passing a high
tariff on cheap imported textiles, in order to protect and encourage
America's own budding manufacturing capacity. The net result was
to diminish what had been the most abundant and lucrative area of
Salem's pre-war trade. Nevertheless, maritime commerce was
Salem's business, and its merchants rebuilt their fleets and resumed
their worldwide commerce, without a full understanding of how
difficult the new international conditions had become. For a few
years, there efforts were rewarded with reasonable profits, and it
seemed that Salem was once again in the ascendant, with almost 200
vessels sailing to Europe, the Orient, the Caribbean and South
America, and the southern ports.
The pre-war partisan politics of the town were not resumed post-war,
as the middle-class "mechanics" (artisans) became more powerful
and brought about civic hannony, largely through the Salem
Charitable Mechanic Association (founded 1817). Rev. William
Bentley, keen observer and active citizen during Salem's time of
greatest prosperity and fiercest political divisions, died in 1819, the
year in which a new U.S. Custom House was built on the site of the
George Crowninshield mansion, at the head of Derby Wharf. Into
the 1820s foreign trade continued prosperous; and new markets were
opened with Madagascar (1820), which supplied tallow and ivory,
and Zanzibar (1825), whence came coffee, ivory, and gum copal,
used to make varnish. This opened a long-standing trade that Salem
would dominate; and its vessels thus gained access to all of the east
African ports.
Salem's general maritime foreign commerce fell off shaiply in 1824,
as a second major tariff act was passed by Congress, to the benefit of
manufacturers and the detriment of importers. Salem imports were
supplanted by the goods that were now being produced in great
11
�quantities in America. The town's prosperity began to wane, and
many people saw no future locally. The interior of the country was
being opened for settlement, and some Salemites moved away. To
the north, the falls of the Merrimack River powered large new textile
mills (Lowell was founded in 1823); and in general it seemed that
the tide of opportunity was ebbing away from Salem. To stem the
flow of talent from the town and to harness its potential water power
for manufacturing, Salem's merchants and capitalists banded
together in 1825 to raise the money to dam the North River for
industrial power. Over the course of three years, the effort gained
momentum, but ultimately its many investors failed to implement
the plan, which caused several leading citizens to move to Boston,
the hub of investment in the new economy.
In 1830 occurred a horrifying crime that brought disgrace to Salem.
Old Capt. Joseph White, a rich merchant, now retired, resided in a
mansion on Essex Street. His wealth was legendary in Salem, not
least among the denizens of the nearby Salem Jail, where plots had
long been hatched to break in and steal the Captain's putative
treasure chest. One night, intruders did break in; and they stabbed
him to death in his sleep. All of Salem buzzed with rumors; but
within a few months it was discovered that the murderer was a
Crowninshield (he killed himself) who had been hired by his friends,
Capt. White's own relatives, Capt. Joe Knap and his brother Frank
(they would be executed). The murder, and related lurid events,
tarnished Salem further, and more families quit the now-notorious
town.
The Stanleys, Edward and Esther, continued to reside here, growing
older as Salem went into a period of decline. Salem had not prepared
for the industrial age, and had few natural advantages. The North
River served not to power factories but mainly to flush the waste
from the 25 tanneries that had set up along its banks. As the decade
wore on, and the new railroads and canals, all running and flowing
to Boston from points north, west, and south, diverted both capital
and trade away from the coast. Salem's remaining merchants took
their equity out oflocal wharves and warehouses and ships and put it
into the stock of manufacturing and transportation companies. Some
merchants did not make the transition, and were ruined. Old-line
areas of work, like rope-making, sail-making, and ship chandleries,
gradually declined and disappeared. Salem slumped badly, but,
despite all, the voters decided to charter their town as a city in
1836-the third city to be formed in the state, behind Boston and
12
�Lowell. City Hall was built 1837-8 and the city seal was adopted
with an already-anachronistic Latin motto of "to the farthest port of
the rich East"-a far cry from "Go West, young man!" The Panic of
1837, a brief, sharp, nationwide economic depression, caused even
more Salem families to head west in search of fortune and a better
future.
Throughout the 1830s, the leaders of Salem scrambled to re-invent
an economy for their fellow citizens, many of whom were mariners
without much sea-faring to do. Ingenuity, ambition, and hard work
would have to carry the day. One inspiration was the Salem
Laboratory, Salem's first science-based manufacturing enterprise,
founded in 1813 to produce chemicals. At the plant built in 1818 in
North Salem on the North River, the production of almn and blue
vitriol was a specialty; and it proved a very successful business.
Salem's whale-fishery led to the manufacturing of high-quality
candles at Stage Point, along with machine oils. The candles proved
very popular. Lead-manufacturing began in the 1820s, and grew
large after 1830, when Wyman's gristmills on the Forest River, at
the head of Salem Harbor, were retooled for making high-quality
white lead and sheet lead. These enterprises were a start toward
taking Salem in a new direction. In 1838 the Eastern Rail Road,
headquartered in Salem, began operating between Boston and
Salem, which gave the local people a direct route to the region's
largest market. The new railroad tracks ran right over the middle of
the Mill Pond; the tunnel under Washington Street was built in 1839;
and the line was extended to Newburyport in 1840.
In the face of these changes, some members of Salem's waning
merchant class continued to pursue their sea-borne businesses into
the 1840s; but it was an ebb tide, with unfavorable winds. Boston,
transformed into a modern mega-port with efficient railroad and
highway distribution to all markets, had subsumed virtually all
foreign trade other than Salem's continuing commerce with
Zanzibar. The sleepy waterfront at Derby Wharf, with an occasional
arrival from Africa and regular visits from schooners carrying wood
from Nova Scotia, is depicted in 1850 by Hawthorne in his cranky
"introductory section" to The Scarlet Letter, which he began while
working in the Custom House.
Although Hawthorne had no interest in describing it, Salem's
transformation did occur in the 1840s, as more industrial methods
and machines were introduced, and many new companies in new
13
�lines of business arose. The Gothic symbol of Salem's new industrial
economy was the large twin-towered granite train station-the
"stone depot"-smoking and growling with idling locomotives. It
stood on filled-in land at the foot of Washington Street, where the
merchants' wharves had been; and from it the trains carried many
valuable products as well as passengers. The tanning and curing of
leather was very important in Salem by the mid- l 800s. On and near
Boston Street, along the upper North River, there were 41 tanneries
in 1844, and 85 in 1850, employing 550 hands. The leather business
would continue to grow in importance throughout the 1800s. In 1846
the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company completed the construction
at Stage Point of the largest factory building in the United States, 60'
wide by 400' long. It was an immediate success, and hundreds of
people found employment there, many of them living in tenements
built nearby. It too benefited from the Zanzibar and Africa trade, as
it produced light cotton cloth for use in the tropics. Also in the
1840s, a new method was introduced to make possible high-volume
industrial shoe production. In Lynn, the factory system was
perfected, and that city became the nation's leading shoe producer.
Salem had shoe factories too, and attracted shoe workers from
outlying towns and the countryside. Even the population began to
transfonn, as hundreds oflrish families, fleeing the Famine in
Ireland, settled in Salem and gave the industrialists a big pool of
cheap labor.
Capt. Edward Stanley, merchant, died on Jan. 16, 1849, ofan
internal inflammation, aged 68 years (per Salem Vital Records). He
left his wife of 45 years, Esther, 63. She continued to reside here,
and would for many years; and by 1855 (if not before) she had a
servant (and companion) in the person of Mary Gorman, 28, born in
Ireland (see 1855 census, house 265). No doubt she enjoyed the
company of her nephew, Judge Joseph Gilbert Waters, from time to
time.
Mrs. Esther Waters resided here through the 1850s and l 860s.
In 1851, Stephen C. Phillips succeeded in building a railroad line
from Salem to Lowell, which meant that the coal that was landed at
Phillips Wharf (fonnerly the Crowninshields' great India Wharf)
could be run cheaply out to help fuel the boilers of the mills, whose
output of textiles could be sent back to Salem for shipment by water.
This innovation, although not long-lived, boosted Salem as a port
and transportation center. Salem's growth continued through the
1850s, as business and industries expanded, the population swelled,
14
�new churches (e.g. Immaculate Conception, 1857) were started, new
working-class neighborhoods were developed (especially in North
Salem and South Salem, off Boston Street, and along the Mill Pond
behind the Broad Street graveyard), and new schools, factories, and
stores were built. A second, larger, factory building for the
Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company was added in 1859, at Stage
Point, where a new Methodist Church went up, and many neat
homes, boarding-houses, and stores were erected along the streets
between Lafayette and Congress. The tanning business continued to
boom, as better and larger tanneries were built along Boston Street
and Mason Street; and subsidiary industries sprang up as well, most
notably the J.M. Anderson glue-works on the Turnpike (Highland
Avenue).
As it established a productive economy, Salem took a strong interest
in national politics. It was primarily Republican, and strongly antislavery, with its share of outspoken abolitionists, led by Charles
Remond, a passionate speaker who came from one of the city's
notable black families. At its Lyceum (on Church Street) and in
other venues, plays and shows were put on, but cultural lectures and
political speeches were given too.
By 1860, with the election of Abraham Lincoln, it was clear that the
Southern states would secede from the union; and Salem, which had
done so much to win the independence of the nation, was ready to go
to war to force others to remain a part of it.
The Civil War began in April, 1861, and went on for four years,
during which hundreds of Salem men served in the army and navy,
and many were killed or died of disease or abusive treatment while
imprisoned. Hundreds more suffered wounds, or broken health. The
people of Salem contributed greatly to efforts to alleviate the
suffering of the soldiers, sailors, and their families; and there was
great celebration when the war finally ended in the spring of 1865,
just as President Lincoln was assassinated. The four years of
bloodshed and warfare were over; the slaves were free; 800,000 men
were dead; the union was preserved and the South was under maiiial
rule. Salem, with many wounded soldiers and grieving families,
welcomed the coming of peace.
Through the 1860s, Salem pursued manufacturing, especially of
leather and shoes and textiles. The maimgers and capitalists tended
to build their new, grand houses along Lafayette Street (these houses
15
�may still be seen, south of Roslyn Street; many are in the French
Second Empire style, with mansard roofs). A third factory building
for the Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company was built in 1865.
In 1870 Salem received its last cargo from Zanzibar, thus ending a
once-important trade. By then, a new Salem & New York freight
steamboat line was in operation. Seven years later, with the arrival of
a vessel from Cayenne, Salem's foreign trade came to an end. After
that, "the merchandise warehouses on the wharves no longer
contained silks from India, tea from China, pepper from Sumatra,
coffee from Arabia, spices from Batavia, gum-copal from Zanzibar,
hides from Africa, and the various other products of far-away
countries. The boys have ceased to watch on the Neck for the
incoming vessels, hoping to earn a reward by being the first to
announce to the expectant merchant the safe return of his looked-for
vessel. The foreign commerce of Salem, once her pride and glory,
has spread its white wings and sailed away forever" (Rev. George
Batchelor in History of Essex County, II: 65).
By the spring of 1872, Mrs. Esther Waters Stanley had died, in her
th
86 year. By her will, she devised her property to four Salem
charities. In April, 1872, the executors of her will conveyed this
house and land to the four charities, which conveyed the same to
Roland Smalley of Salem for $2400 (ED 851:81, 859:288).
The new owner, Roland Smalley, was a long-time neighbor of Mrs.
Stanley. He was born in 1822 and resided in Salem by 1855 he was
working as a stevedore, married to Susan, 33, a native of Rhode
Island, and residing on Daniels Street, in a house (also occupied by
John Archer & family) across from this one (1855 state census,
house 254). In 1872 Mr. Smalley was fifty, and he and Susan had
daughters Evelyn, sixteen, and Susan E., five. Later they would
reside at 7 Daniels Street.
Salem was now so densely built-up that a general conflagration was
always a possibility, as in Boston, when, on Nov. 9, 1872, the
financial and manufacturing district of the city burned up. Salem
continued to prosper in the 1870s, carried forward by the leathermaking business. In 1874 the city was visited by a tornado and
shaken by a minor earthquake. In the following year, the large
Pennsylvania Pier (site of the present coal-fired harborside electrical
generating plant) was completed to begin receiving large shipments
of coal. Beyond it, at Juniper Point, a new owner began subdividing
16
�the old Allen fannlands into a new development called Salem
Willows and Juniper Point. In the U.S. centennial year, 1876, A.G.
Bell of Salem announced that he had discovered a way to transmit
voices over telegraph wires.
In this decade, French-Canadian families began corning to work in
Salem's mills and factories, and more houses and tenements were
built. The better-off workers bought portions of older houses or built
small homes for their families in the outlying sections of the city;
and by 1879 the Naurnkeag Steam Cotton mills would employ 1200
people and produce annually nearly 15 million yards of cloth. Shoemanufacturing businesses expanded in the 1870s, and 40 shoe
factories were employing 600-plus operatives. Tanning, in both
Salem and Peabody, remained a very important industry, and
employed hundreds of breadwinners. On Boston Street in 1879, the
Arnold tannery caught fire and burned down.
In April, 1881, Roland Smalley sold the homestead for $2400 to
Jane A. Hubon, a widow, of Salem (ED I 056:24 7). In July, 1885,
Mrs. Hubon sold the premises to Mary Ann Wiggin (ED 1155: 178).
Mrs. Wiggin was the widow of Abner J. Wiggin (per directory
1893/4).
In the 1880s and 1890s, Salem kept building infrastructure; and new
businesses arose, and established businesses expanded. Retail stores
prospered; horse-drawn trolleys ran every which-way; and
machinists, carpenters, millwrights, and other specialists all thrived.
In 1880, Salem's manufactured goods were valued at about $8.4
million, of which leather accounted for nearly half. In the summer of
1886, the Knights of Labor brought a strike against the
manufacturers for a ten-hour day and other concessions; but the
manufacturers imported labor from Maine and Canada, and kept
going. The strikers held out, and there was violence in the streets,
and even rioting; but the owners prevailed, and many of the defeated
workers lost their jobs and suffered, with their families, through a
bitter winter.
By the mid-1880s, Salem's cotton-cloth mills at the Point employed
1400 people who produced about 19 million yards annually, worth
about $1.5 million. The city's large shoe factories stood downtown
behind the stone depot and on Dodge and Lafayette Streets. A jute
bagging company prospered with plants on Skerry Street and
English Street; its products were sent south to be used in cotton17
�baling. Salem factories also produced lead, paint, and oil. At the
Eastern Railroad yard on Bridge Street, cars were repaired and even
built new. In 1887 the streets were first lit with electricity, replacing
gas-light. The gas works, which had stood on Northey Street since
1850, was moved to a larger site on Bridge Street in 1888, opposite
the Beverly Shore.
More factories and more people required more space for buildings,
more roads, and more storage areas. This space was created by
filling in rivers, harbors, and ponds. The once-broad North River
was filled from both shores, and became a canal along Bridge Street
above the North Bridge. The large and beautiful Mill Pond, which
occupied the whole area between the present Jefferson Avenue,
Canal Street, and Loring Avenue, finally vanished beneath streets,
storage areas, junk-yards, rail-yards, and parking lots. The South
River, too, with its epicenter at Central Street (that's why there was a
Custom House built there in 1805) disappeared under the pavement
of Riley Plaza and New Derby Street, and some of its old wharves
were joined together with much in-fill and turned into coal-yards and
lumber-yards. Only a canal was left, running in from Derby and
Central Wharves to Lafayette Street.
In 1900 (per census, house 279), this house was occupied by Mrs.
Mary A. Wiggins, 65, born in Maine of a Danish father and a Maineborn mother, and (other unit) by Mrs. Anna Upton, 33, a widow, and
boarder Charles H. Collins, 40, a widower, born in Vermont,
working as a carpenter.
By June, 1902, Mrs. Wiggin had died, and the executor of her will
for $1515 sold the homestead at public auction to Joseph B. Brown
of Salem (ED 1770:284). Mr. Brown, an Irishman, soon died. In
February, 1905, some of his heirs sold out to another one, Thomas
C. Brown of Salem (ED 1770:286).
Salem kept growing. The Canadians were followed in the early 20 th
century by large numbers of Polish and Ukrainian families, who
settled primarily in the Derby Street neighborhood. By the eve of
World War One, Salem was a bustling, polyglot city that supported
large department stores and large factories of every description.
People from the surrounding towns, and Marblehead in particular,
came to Salem to do their shopping; and its handsome government
buildings, as befit the county seat, were busy with conveyances of
18
�land, lawsuits, and probate proceedings. The city's politics were
lively, and its economy was strong.
In 1910 (per census, house 22) this house was occupied as a twofamily by (one unit) the owner, Thomas Brown, 42, born in Ireland,
working as a truant officer, with wife Maria A., 40, born in Scotland,
and children Thomas J., 17, an errand boy, Helen F., 15, Arthur V.,
14, and Leo H., 13; and by (other unit) the widow Margaret P. Riley,
47, a nurse, ofirish parentage, and children Josephine, 21, a
stenographer, J olm M., 20, driver of a market wagon, and Mabel F .,
20, bakery saleslady.
On June 25, 1914, in the morning, in Blubber Hollow (Boston Street
opposite Federal) a blaze started in one of Salem's fire-prone
wooden tanneries. This fire soon consumed the building and raced
out of control, for the west wind was high and the season had been
dry. The next building caught fire, and the next, and out of Blubber
Hollow the fire roared easterly, a monstrous front of flame and
smoke, wiping out the houses of Boston Street, Essex Street, and
upper Broad Street, and then sweeping through Hathorne, Winthrop,
Endicott, and other residential streets. Men and machines could not
stop it: the enormous fire crossed over into South Salem and
destroyed the neighborhoods west of Lafayette Street, then devoured
the mansions of Lafayette Street itself, and raged onward into the
tenements of the factory district. Despite the combined efforts of
heroic fire crews from many towns and cities, the fire overwhelmed
everything in its path: it smashed into the large buildings of the
Naumkeag Steam Cotton Company (Congress Street), which
exploded in an inferno; and it rolled down Lafayette Street and
across the water to Derby Street, threatening this neighborhood.
There, at Herbert Street, after a 13-hour rampage, the monster died,
having consumed 250 acres, 1600 houses, and 41 factories, and
leaving three dead and thousands homeless. Some people had
insurance, some did not; all received much support and generous
donations from all over the country and the world. It was one of the
greatest urban disasters in the history of the United States, and the
people of Salem would take years to recover from it. Eventually,
they did, and many of the former houses and businesses were rebuilt;
and several urban-renewal projects (including Hawthorne Boulevard,
which involved removing old houses and widening old streets) were
put into effect.
19
�In August, 1915, Thomas C. Brown (wife Marie A.) sold the
homestead to Josefa Uszynski, wife ofWladjslaw Uszynski of
Salem; and in February, 1916, they conveyed the same to Mary, wife
of Bazil Thomasz of Salem; and in October, 1917, they sold to
Wojciech Kotulak of Salem (ED 2307:27, 2323:101, 2378:352).
By the 1920s, Salem was once again a thriving city; and its
tercentenary in I 926 was a time of great celebration. The Depression
hit in 1929, and continued through the 1930s. Salem, the county seat
and regional retail center, gradually rebounded, and prospered after
World War II through the 1950s and into the 1960s. Sylvania, Parker
Brothers, tanneries, Pequot Mills (fonnerly Naumkeag Steam Cotton
Co.), Almy's department store, various other large-scale retailers,
and Beverly's United Shoe Machine Company were all major local
employers. Then the arrival of suburban shopping malls and the
relocation of manufacturing businesses took their toll, as they have
with many other cities. More than most, Salem has navigated its way
forward into the present with success, trading on its share of
notoriety arising from the witch trials, but also from its history as a
great seaport and as the home of Bowditch, McIntire, Bentley, Story,
and Hawthorne. Most of all, it remains a city where the homes of the
old-time merchants, mariners, and mill-operatives are all honored as
a large part of what makes Salem different from any other place.
The homestead remained in the ownership of the Kotulak family
until 1970.
--Robert Booth, October 30, 2008.
20
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BOSTON
SURVEY,
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INC.
P.O. Box 220 Charlestown, MA 02129
(617)242-1313 MAIN
(617)242-1616 FAX
APPLICANT:
LOCATION:
CITY, STATE:
WILDEY
5 DANIELS STREET
SALEM,MA
DEED/CERT:
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We, DOROTirlM.'SlARZ and STANLEY DZIELNilt• both of Peabody,
A.
~ADMINISTRATOPao!
the ESTATE ol-~
Maesacbusetts
KATHLEEN POKORSKI
B.
late
of Salem., Essex County, Massachusetts
by power conrerred by License
to Sell
May
22. 2000
and DOROTHY
for
paid, grant to
of the Essex
County
Probate
Court,
dated
Docket No. 99P-2159-ADl
and every ot.her power,
BABIARZ
and STANLEY DZIELNIK, individually
A.
$166,000.00-------CECELIA WU and ROBERTWILDEY , husband
the entirety,
both of 5 Daniels
Dollars
and wife,
Street,
as tenants
by
Salem, MA
05/26/00
3131 Inst, 629
BK16365PG2
The land with the buildings
thereon, #5 Daniels Stree~ in Salem, Essex
County, Massachusetts,
bounded and described
as follows:
WESTERLY Daniels
by
NORTHERLY by land
land
BASTEIU.,Y by
SOUTHERLY by
land
Street;
now or late
now or late
no•
or
of Russell,
of Jackson,
late
of
Smalley,
85 feet,
six
40 feet,
six
about
inches;
inches;
80 feet.
For our title,
see Essex Probate Court Pocket No. 99P-2159-AD1.
See also deed of Isabelle
Kotek dated October 26, 1999, recorded
Essex Registry of Deeds, Book 16030, Page 594.
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Administrators
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Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Daniels Street
Historic Salem, Inc. House History
A resource made available by Historic Salem, Inc. detailing the history of Salem's houses.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
5 Daniels Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970
Subject
The topic of the resource
House History
Description
An account of the resource
Built for Capt. Edward Stanley, shipmaster, and wife Esther Waters Stanley, c. 1805
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Historic Salem, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Historic Salem, Inc. house histories
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Historic Salem, Inc., Salem Historical Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1805, 2008
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Robert Booth
Language
A language of the resource
English
2008
5
Booth
Daniels
Edward
Esther
Federal
Robert
Stanley
Waters
wood
-
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6e130bd47b9e0eb805277c57eeafbd94
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Linden Street
Historic Salem, Inc. House History
A resource made available by Historic Salem, Inc. detailing the history of Salem's houses.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
29 Linden Street, Salem, Massachusetts 01970
Subject
The topic of the resource
House history
Description
An account of the resource
Built 1894 for Elizabeth A Winn, widow, by Eben H. Morse, carpenter
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Historic Salem, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Historic Salem, Inc. house histories
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Historic Salem, Inc., Salem Historical Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1894, 2008
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Robert Booth
Language
A language of the resource
English
1894
2008
29
Eben H. Morse
Elizabeth A. Winn
History
House
Linden Street
Massachusetts
Salem
-
https://d1y502jg6fpugt.cloudfront.net/28828/archive/files/66f75118c279544787bac85c24bb3e42.pdf?Expires=1712793600&Signature=BYcRPh4JBpOZ-s%7EpLzHCMnW0wA1gxo3APQqPh8Qmb9Vdxz0q441k8pA8mseOYvg7NYeg-FObApQ5nUZJe2tNhz7FLJ8iMHI-y6cLrWwtWMEu-gj2r7mJ5dx072e3aNZ-lr4BQRopcAiKOmT4LnTefWtRGZAgdTqswYGFROZ8zC8RLA-G%7EWdko8cnUctsbu%7ELITO1N1y21E2w5nOC3%7ETCsgz2%7E3YmPFIey4hQ-4HdiPhrDqfbn3IKQCGzn2JOAN5mlvxe8qLy5POa8d8OGjixsQOcU5DBnv7Ww40izeU2JWAwhHDsf1w6HdnjxErg6m79izhT6oPSGOKD2I2z9L5bVQ__&Key-Pair-Id=K6UGZS9ZTDSZM
15e387615be0387c1693ff515fc473b0
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Jefferson Avenue
Historic Salem, Inc. House History
A resource made available by Historic Salem, Inc. detailing the history of Salem's houses.
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
268 Jefferson Avenue, Salem, Massachusetts 01970
Subject
The topic of the resource
House history
Description
An account of the resource
Built for William Fregeau, tanner, in 1886
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Historic Salem, Inc.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Historic Salem, Inc. house histories
Publisher
An entity responsible for making the resource available
Historic Salem, Inc., Salem Historical Society
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1886, 2008
Contributor
An entity responsible for making contributions to the resource
Robert Booth
Language
A language of the resource
English
1886
2008
268
Avenue
Booth
Fregeau
Gagnon
Jefferson
Massachusetts
Octavie
Robert
Salem
Tanner
William